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# Structure & Function Education: Dry needling and manipulation courses advancing the integration of healthcare and sports performance education.

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## Posts
- [Dry Needling in Soccer: Mechanistic Justification and Practical Integration for World Cup-Level Care](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-in-soccer-mechanistic-justification-and-practical-integration-for-world-cup-level-care/): Discover how dry needling supports recovery in soccer through evidence-based mechanisms, clinical decision-making, and practical integration for elite athletes. Dry needling in soccer...
- [Measuring Value with Patient Reported Outcome Measures in Dry Needling Practice: My synthesis for evidence-driven care and clinical improvement](https://structureandfunction.net/measuring-value-with-patient-reported-outcome-measures-in-dry-needling-practice-my-synthesis-for-evidence-driven-care-and-clinical-improvement/): Learn how to integrate patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) into your dry needling practice which instruments to use, when to measure, and how to turn scores into clinical decisions.
- [Beyond the Needle: Unveiling the Advanced Neurobiology of Electroacupuncture (EA) and Electro-Dry Needling (EDN) for Enhanced Clinical Outcomes](https://structureandfunction.net/beyond-the-needle-unveiling-the-advanced-neurobiology-of-electroacupuncture-ea-and-electro-dry-needling-edn-for-enhanced-clinical-outcomes/): Enhance your dry needling practice. Investigate the innovative neurobiological principles, exact dose specifications, and sophisticated clinical uses of electroacupuncture (EA) and electro-dry needling (EDN) for chronic, neuropathic, and inflammatory pain, based on contemporary research. As clinicians dedicated to evidence-based therapy and advancing musculoskeletal intervention, we consistently pursue methods that provide not only clinical relief but also effectively address the fundamental neurological mechanisms of pain. Although manual dry needling is highly successful, the incorporation of electrical stimulation—Electroacupuncture (EA) or Electro-Dry Needling (EDN)—significantly enhances our capacity to manage intricate pain conditions. This is not merely "acupuncture with electricity"; it is a complex therapeutic instrument that, when accurately administered, activates multi-tiered neuro-immune pathways for enhanced and enduring patient results, a stance robustly corroborated by recent extensive reviews and meta-analyses1-5.
- [The Multilevel Effectiveness of Needling: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, and a Three‑Level Curriculum for Clinicians](https://structureandfunction.net/the-multilevel-effectiveness-of-needling-mechanisms-clinical-translation-and-a-three-level-curriculum-for-clinicians/): Dry needling is best comprehended not as a singular, uniform intervention but as a collection of mechanically mediated stimuli that target local tissues, spinal circuits, and supraspinal and systemic networks in distinctive and occasionally synergistic manners. Over the past two decades, the empirical literature has evolved beyond merely documenting clinical effects to examining how needle insertion, manipulation, and electrical stimulation transduce mechanical energy into biologically pertinent signals. Synthesizing these mechanistic insights is imperative for clinicians aiming to align technique and dosage with the physiological drivers underlying a patient’s pain or dysfunction. The following presents a consolidated, evidence-based account of the multilevel effects of needling—based exclusively on the three primary reviews and resources provided—and translates these mechanisms into a coherent curriculum: Foundations of Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Sports Performance (SFDN1), Advanced Dry Needling: Segmental & Perineural Strategies for the Complex Patient (SFDN2), and Advanced Dry Needling: A Systemic Approach to Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Sports Performance (SFDN3).
- [From Local to Systemic: The SFDN Dry Needling Curriculum That Meets Clinicians Where the Evidence Is](https://structureandfunction.net/from-local-to-systemic-the-sfdn-dry-needling-curriculum-that-meets-clinicians-where-the-evidence-is/):  If you've been following the research on dry needling over the past decade, you already know this: the science has outpaced the education. Mechanisms that were once theoretical — segmental sensitization, neuroimmune modulation, HPA-axis activation — are now well-documented. What's been missing is a curriculum that actually teaches clinicians how to apply that evidence progressively, purposefully, and safely.
- [Dry Needling for Chronic Pain: Unraveling Central Sensitization Through Neurophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-for-chronic-pain-unraveling-centralsensitization-through-neurophysiological-mechanisms-and-clinical-evidence/): Chronic pain, intricately linked to central sensitization (CS), presents a considerable challenge within healthcare. Understanding the complex neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying CS is essential for developing effective treatments. Dry needling for chronic pain is a well-supported, evidence-based intervention for cervical syndrome (CS) that significantly impacts both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
- [Targeting the Nervous System with Dry Needling: Techniques and Recommendations](https://structureandfunction.net/targeting-the-nervous-system-with-dry-needling-techniques-and-recommendations/): Targeting the nervous system with dry needling techniques
- [The Mechanism of Dry Needling: Its Efficacy in Alleviating Pain and Accelerating Recovery](https://structureandfunction.net/the-mechanism-of-dry-needling-its-efficacy-in-alleviating-pain-and-accelerating-recovery/): The mechanism of dry needling and its efficacy in alleviating pain discusses the historical context of dry needling and provides references for more information about dry needling for clinicians and patients
- [A Practitioner’s Research Gift Guide for 2025: The 12 Days of Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/a-practitioners-research-gift-guide-for-2025-the-12-days-of-dry-needling/): It's the best time of year! Patients are bringing you baked goods, your treatment table is now a gift-wrapping station, and you're promising yourself that you'll finally read all those research papers that are building up in your inbox. This season, instead of "five golden rings," we're giving you something better: twelve days of evidence-based dry needling tips to help you improve your practice. If you're an avid dry needler or manual therapist, think of this as your end-of-year gift. Get some chocolate, sit down by the warm light of your favorite red light mat, and let's count down the 12 Days of Dry Needling, 2025!
- [What are the top 6 mistakes clinicians make when using dry needling?](https://structureandfunction.net/what-are-the-top-6-mistakes-clinicians-make-when-using-dry-needling/): Dry needling has emerged as a common technique within the realm of musculoskeletal treatment; however, its safe and effective application necessitates meticulous clinical reasoning, precise anatomical knowledge, and strict adherence to safety protocols. Healthcare professionals often encounter errors in interconnected domains, including inadequate patient screening, anatomical misjudgments, flawed decision-making processes, overuse of the technique, errors in methodology and dosage, and insufficient training. This discourse, centered on treatment, systematically examines prevalent errors, elucidates their potential consequences, and offers evidence-based strategies to prevent or remedy these mistakes.
- [Scientific Foundation: Microanatomy, Innervation, and Biochemistry of Deep Fascia Pertinent to Stecco’s® Fascial Manipulation®](https://structureandfunction.net/scientific-foundation-microanatomy-innervation-and-biochemistry-of-deep-fascia-pertinent-to-steccos-fascial-manipulation/): As proficient clinicians, we acknowledge your dedication to evidence-based practice and innovative interventions. Disregard the superficial and explore the scientific principles underlying Fascial Manipulation® (FM). This is not merely a fashionable method; it is a system grounded in the microanatomy, biomechanics, and mechanotransduction characteristics of deep fascia. By comprehending the structured characteristics and neurophysiological functions of this tissue, we can enhance patient outcomes.
- [What are the best dry needling courses for physical therapists?](https://structureandfunction.net/what-are-the-best-dry-needling-courses-for-physical-therapists/): Looking for the best dry needling courses for physical therapists? Read what is important and learn about structure & function education.
- [Dry Needling in Concussion Rehab: A High-Impact Skill for Clinicians](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-in-concussion-rehab-a-high-impact-skill-for-clinicians/): Concussion care is evolving, and clinicians need tools that keep pace. One increasingly effective, evidence-informed intervention making waves in concussion management is dry needling. Once seen as a niche modality, dry needling in concussion is now emerging as a frontline technique for addressing neuromuscular dysfunction in patients recovering from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).
- [Advancements in Concussion Care: Insights from the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport and the recent NATA’s Bridge Statement on Management of Sport-Related Concussion](https://structureandfunction.net/advancements-in-concussion-care-insights-from-the-6th-international-conference-on-concussion-in-sport-and-the-recent-natas-bridge-statement-on-management-of-sport-related-concussion/): These two documents can serve to aid clinicians in developing best practices in concussion care and management. Some of the best practices are as follows:
- [Heat Related Illness and Risk](https://structureandfunction.net/heat-related-illness-and-risk/): Not to state the obvious, but it’s hot out and there is a real heat related illness risk. Summer has swept the country bringing high temperatures, storm systems and often high humidity. Additionally, with this hot weather also comes a desire to enjoy the longer hours of sunshine and be outside.  We all associate summer with those outdoor activities like baseball, golf (a personal favorite of mine and Sue’s!), and being on the water.  
- [From Needles to Healing: Understanding the Role of Dry Needling in Modulating Pain and Inflammation](https://structureandfunction.net/from-needles-to-healing-understanding-the-role-of-dry-needling-in-modulating-pain-and-inflammation/): Having a better understanding of the use of dry needling in modulating pain and inflammation will benefit the clinician making clinical decisions on treatment and care progression.
- [Disinfecting the Skin in Dry Needling: Skin Prep or No Skin Prep?](https://structureandfunction.net/disinfecting-the-skin-in-dry-needling-skin-prep-or-no-skin-prep/):  As a practitioner and instructor of dry needling, I have continually refined my clinical practice based on emerging evidence and a critical assessment of established protocols. The consistent practice of disinfecting the skin in dry needling before needle insertion has frequently been a topic of discussion concerning dry needling methods. During the Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Sports Performance course, a discussion arose regarding the necessity of preparing the skin with alcohol prior to treatment. The maintenance of rigorous hygiene standards is essential; however, the indiscriminate application of disinfectants before dry needling necessitates careful reevaluation. This is particularly relevant given recent research, an enhanced understanding of skin microbiology, and guidelines promoting "best practices" in related procedures.1 Furthermore, academic literature addressing disinfecting the skin in dry needling and acupuncture highlights the contentious aspects of this practice, necessitating a more nuanced examination akin to that presented by Hoffman.2
- [Dry Needling for Pediatric Injuries| Safe for Kids Ages 12+](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-for-pediatric-injuries-safe-for-kids-ages-12/): One of our most important jobs as parents is to keep our children safe.  However, as any parent knows - kids are going to be kids, and they do occasionally get hurt and sustain pediatric injuries.  Additionally, just like with adults, kids have their own unique personality quirks which can run the gamut from Evel Knievel wanna-be daredevils, to tripping-on-the-air klutziness.  The analogy of kids being little scientists who like to experiment makes a lot of sense as a parent!  Every developmental milestone they achieve brings a new layer of curiosity - kids like to see cause and effect.  However, without knowing the inherent risks, children can get themselves into trouble and sustain pediatric injuries.
- [Ice Baths. Powerful Evidence-Based Science or Social Media Fad?](https://structureandfunction.net/ice-baths-powerful-evidence-based-science-or-social-media-fad/): A cold plunge, also known as cold-water immersion or ice bath, is a short dip in cold water, typically around 50°F or colder. This can include a bathtub filled with ice water or the “polar bear plunge”, where you go for a swim in a naturally cold body of water (usually in winter). The duration of a cold plunge varies widely from a recommended 30 seconds when first acclimating to the experience, to up to 20 minutes for experienced plungers.
- [Needle Manipulation in Dry Needling: Three Techniques, Their Mechanisms, and Clinical Consequences](https://structureandfunction.net/needle-manipulation-in-dry-needling-three-techniques-their-mechanisms-and-clinical-consequences/): Dry needling has evolved from a rudimentary technique into a sophisticated manual therapy intervention rooted in a comprehensive mechanistic framework. Among the most therapeutically significant aspects of this technique is needle manipulation—specifically, the movement or rotation of a needle after its insertion into tissue. This blog explores the physiological rationale and evidence that supports diverse needle manipulation techniques, including pistoning, winding, and periosteal stimulation. Each technique carries distinct implications for therapeutic outcomes in the practice of dry needling for physical therapy, chiropractic, and athletic training practice.
- [Expert Consensus on Dry Needling for Stroke Spasticity: A Positive Game Changer?](https://structureandfunction.net/expert-consensus-on-dry-needling-for-stroke-spasticity-a-positive-game-changer/): The expert panel demonstrated significant consensus regarding the efficacy of dry needling for stroke post initial onset. Early spasticity, characterized in the study as the initial weeks post-stroke during which muscle tone begins to elevate, is a primary focus for management. What is the significance of this? Spasticity can substantially hinder motor recovery, resulting in secondary problems such as contractures, discomfort, and diminished function. By addressing spasticity early, we can create a more favorable environment for neuroplasticity and functional rehabilitation.
- [Neuromuscular Control and Rehabilitation](https://structureandfunction.net/neuromuscular-control-and-rehabilitation/): In the dynamic realm of sports, effective rehabilitation is not solely concerned with the healing of injuries; it is also about transforming athletes into elite performers. Drawing from Sue Falsone's Book, "Bridging the Gap between Rehabilitation and Performance," this blog explores the critical role of neuromuscular control and rehabilitation in the continuum of recovery and performance. Falsone underscores that a comprehensive approach that comprehends the complexities of the nervous and muscular systems is necessary to transition from rehabilitation to peak athletic performance. In this blog, I will investigate how restoring neuromuscular control facilitates recuperation from sports-related injuries and improves athletic performance, bridging the frequently disregarded gap between rehabilitation and competitive success.
- [The importance of the motion segment in rehabilitation to performance.](https://structureandfunction.net/the-importance-of-the-motion-segment/): In Chapter 4 of Sue Falsone's book, Bridging the Gap from Rehab to Performance, she discusses many movement issues. I will expand on her discussion of movement assessment, which she touches on in this chapter. Movement is vital to our existence, profoundly impacting our bodily and mental well-being. Movement is essential for our participation in society, encompassing fundamental daily actions like walking and eating to complex athletic feats. The intricacies of the human mobility system are often overlooked, leading to ineffective treatment approaches and persistent musculoskeletal issues. This underscores the essential significance of movement evaluation, which constitutes the foundation of modern physical therapy treatment.
- [Bridging the Gap From Rehabilitation to Performance: Chapter 3:
Comprehending the Healing Process and Choosing Suitable
Treatments.](https://structureandfunction.net/comprehending-the-healing-process-and-choosing-suitable-treatments/): In January 2025, I announced that my blogs will concentrate on Sue Falsone’s book, Bridging the Gap from Rehab to Performance. I will focus on Chapter 3, Tissue Healing and Altering Pain Perception, this month. As therapists, we specialize in musculoskeletal rehabilitation, assisting patients in navigating the challenging recovery process post-injury. Our methods extend beyond exercise and practical practices; they encompass meticulously designed interventions intended to modify intricate biochemical circuits. The efficacy of our treatment is significantly reliant on our comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms—the intricate biological processes that regulate tissue healing. Chapter 3 of Sue Falsone's Bridging the Gap from Rehabilitation to Performance offers therapists valuable insights on effectively integrating these principles.
- [Bridging the Gap From Rehabilitation to Performance: Chapter 2: Understanding the Pain Generator: A Comprehensive Guide for Optimal Recovery](https://structureandfunction.net/understanding-the-pain-generator/): In January 2025, I announced that my blogs will concentrate on Sue Falsone’s book, Bridging the Gap from Rehab to Performance. I will focus on Chapter 2, The Pain Generator, this month. Pain is a complicated phenomenon that has an impact on people both emotionally and physiologically. We regularly see patients in pain, such as chiropractors, physical therapists, and athletes, physiologically. Trainers. In Sue Falsone's "Bridging the Gap from Rehabilitation to Performance," Chapter 2 dives into the pain generator, addressing pain theories, interpretation, identification, and treatment.
- [Unlocking Relief: TMJ Dysfunction with Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/unlocking-relief-tmj-dysfunction-with-dry-needling/): TMJ dysfunction is a complex disorder. This condition includes pain, limited range of motion, and sometimes jaw locking or clicking.2 TMD is a complex disorder; the underlying reasons for the disorder might consist of everything from bad posture or bruxism (tooth grinding) to arthritis and trauma.1-2  These elements may result in myofascial pain and dysfunction, which are associated with pain in the jaw, face, and even neck, as well as hyperactivity and stiffness in the masticatory muscles.7
- [Physiologic Perspective on the Local Effects of Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/local-effects-of-dry-needling/): The complexity of dry needling’s effects lies in the varied physiological responses dry needling lesions create. These lesions ultimately influence the body's inflammatory processes, reducing pain, improving tissue function, and enhancing mobility and the ability to load. Let’s explore these local effects of dry needling, focusing on how these mechanisms work at the tissue level and their impact on patient outcomes.
- [Dry Needling the Spine: A Closer Look at Safety and Technique](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-the-spine/): When Structure & Function Education® teaches any technique, we always cover the safety considerations and anatomy information required to needle appropriately. This recent article shed some insight on the safety of dry needling close to the spine. While dry needling has grown in popularity as a treatment for musculoskeletal discomfort, there are still concerns about potential consequences, especially when treating near safety-conscious anatomic areas such as the spine. The recent release of a cadaveric study in the International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy provides new light on this problem, so I thought I'd share the key findings with you. 
- [Bridging the Gap: Sue Falsone’s Innovative Methodology in Sports
Rehabilitation and Performance Optimization](https://structureandfunction.net/bridging-the-gap-sue-falsones-methodology/): The field of sports medicine is a complicated tapestry made up of threads from numerous healthcare professions, including physical therapy, athletic training, and chiropractic. Although each discipline offers specialized knowledge, these occupations frequently function independently, which might impede collaboration and prevent the best possible patient care. In 2025, my blogs will focus on a solution to the collaborative problem, Sue Falsone’s book Bridging the Gap from Rehab to Performance. These professions’ strengths are effortlessly integrated into a single, all-inclusive paradigm for athlete rehabilitation and performance improvement in Sue Falsone's ground-breaking book. The goal of Falsone's approach is to develop stronger, more resilient people who cannot just recover from injuries but also outperform their prior talents. It goes beyond simply rehabilitation of the athlete’s diagnosis.
- [The 12 days of dry needling, a gift guide for 2024](https://structureandfunction.net/the-12-days-of-dry-needling-a-gift-guide-for-2024/): The holiday season is a time for singing songs, making cookies, and catching up on studies. Forget the five golden rings; we are opening something more critical this year. Twelve days of cutting-edge dry needling research. Consider this your gift guide for enhancing patient care in the coming year!
- [The Top 6 Risks of Dry Needling for Individuals with Diabetes](https://structureandfunction.net/the-top-6-risks-of-dry-needling-for-individuals-with-diabetes/): Dry needling has emerged as a popular intervention for musculoskeletal pain. This technique, involving the insertion of fine needles into anatomic locations around nerves and muscles, aims to alleviate pain and improve function.1–3 However, for individuals living with diabetes, this practice isn't without its considerations and potential risks.4 Let's delve into six critical factors that necessitate caution, ensuring a thorough understanding of the risks by patient and clinician.
- [Top 3 reasons to use vibration therapy in rehabilitation](https://structureandfunction.net/top-3-reasons-to-use-vibration-therapy-in-rehabilitation/): Vibration treatment works primarily through mechanical stimulation of muscle and neurological components. Whole body vibration (WBV) and focal vibration (FV) therapy are both types of vibration therapy that differ in how they deliver vibrations to the body and have differing effects.1 When administered, these vibrations cause rapid and repetitive muscular contractions. These contractions may increase muscle strength and power while improving proprioception and balance.
- [Treating Low Back Pain with the Fascial Manipulation Method](https://structureandfunction.net/treating-low-back-pain-with-the-fascial-manipulation-method/): This is a comprehensive overview and evidence based practice review for treating low back pain using the Stecco developed model for the Fascial Manipulation Method®. After giving a brief history on the development pf the Fascial Manipulation Method® we will discuss the basic principles using in their training methodology and how it can be applied to treating low back pain.
- [Advancements in Concussion Management](https://structureandfunction.net/advancements-in-concussion-management/): Insights from the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport and the recent NATA’s Bridge Statement on Management of Sport-Related Concussion. As we approach the beginning of football season, we must review our EAPs and the recommendations for the care of our high-contact athletes. As athletic trainers and sports medicine professionals, staying current with the latest guidelines and best practices is crucial for providing the highest standard of care. The 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, held in Amsterdam in October 2022, has brought forth significant advancements in concussion management. This was quickly followed up by updates by the NATA through their bridge statement on the management of sports-related concussion. This blog will highlight key changes and offer practical tips for preventing and managing concussions in football.
- [Arm Care for Young Athletes for Summer Sports](https://structureandfunction.net/arm-care-for-young-athletes-for-summer-sports/): As the summer winds down its important to remember arm care for young athletes for summer sports, especially for baseball and softball. These sports offer great competition and teamwork for young athletes but they also increase the risk of arm injuries. This is particularly true in young throwers. Understanding the epidemiology and etiology of these injuries is crucial for preventing them and ensuring long-term health and success for our young athletes.
- [Combining Multiple Methods To Treat Headaches](https://structureandfunction.net/combining-multiple-methods-to-treat-headaches/): As we exit National Headache Month, I want to discuss the need for combining multiple methods to treat headaches for most chronic headache sufferers. A patient can create a comprehensive approach with their healthcare practitioners using dry needling and fascial manipulation® techniques plus combine Stopain Headache products with at home exercises and other lifestyle changes to treat their chronic headaches.
- [Treating Headaches with Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/treating-headaches-with-dry-needling/): Headaches present in our clinics in many different fashions ranging from eye pain, tension in the base of the skull, and even accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light. Different types of headaches may require a combination of multiple forms of treatment, but manual therapy and dry needling have been shown to play a diagnostic and effective role in reducing symptoms. The first step in treating various forms of headaches is to identify the type of headache in which the patient presents.
- [Multimodal Approaches to Treating Lumbopelvic Pain in Women](https://structureandfunction.net/multimodal-approaches-to-treating-lumbopelvic-pain-in-women/): Welcome to Women's Health Month! This month, we celebrate women's incredible strength, resilience, and vitality everywhere. It's a time to prioritize your well-being and take proactive steps toward better health. Women often prioritize the health of those around them, but focusing on their needs is equally important.  One common condition women suffer from is lumbopelvic pain, particularly after pregnancy. In my opinion, a significant hole in our medical system is adequate postpartum care for females suffering negative consequences of childbirth. Lumbopelvic pain is a substantial concern among postpartum females. As therapists, it's crucial to employ a comprehensive approach to address this discomfort effectively. In this blog post, we'll explore various treatment modalities, including dry needling, fascial manipulation, and joint manipulation approaches, to provide relief and enhance the overall well-being of our patients.
- [How Dry Needling Can Unlock Relief For Chronic Pain](https://structureandfunction.net/how-dry-needling-can-unlock-relief-for-chronic-pain/): Chronic pain is a heavy load that can range from fibromyalgia to back pain and frequently prompts people to look for efficient alleviation. Many patients wanting relief for chronic pain still look for complementary therapies that address the underlying source of their pain, even if conventional treatments like medicine and physical therapy have certain advantages. Dry needling has become a viable method in recent years, offering specific pain alleviation to individuals with chronic pain.
- [Understanding and Mitigating the Risk of Pneumothorax in Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/the-risk-of-pneumothorax-in-dry-needling/): Dry needling has become a widely utilized therapeutic technique, offering clinicians a valuable tool for managing various musculoskeletal conditions. Amidst its benefits, it is crucial for clinicians to acknowledge and address potential complications. One such complication that gets a lot of discussion and focus is the risk of pneumothorax in dry needling. The concern around pneumothorax in the context of dry needling, despite its relatively low occurrence, stems from the potential severity of this complication. While pneumothorax may be considered rare, its consequences can be significant and, in some rare cases, even life-threatening if not promptly addressed.
- [What Do Patients Experience During Dry Needling Treatment?](https://structureandfunction.net/what-patients-experience-during-dry-needling/): Embarking on a journey to explore dry needling can be both intriguing and a tad overwhelming. Let's walk through what patients experience during dry needling treatments, addressing common questions and shedding light on potential concerns.
- [Empowering Patients: The Power of Self-Efficacy in Rehabilitation from Injury](https://structureandfunction.net/empowering-patients-the-power-of-self-efficacy-in-rehabilitation-from-injury/): In physical rehabilitation, self-efficacy is pivotal in determining an individual's ability to recover and regain optimal function after injury. Self-efficacy is one's belief in their ability to perform specific tasks or achieve certain goals. Self-efficacy has far-reaching clinical relevance in rehabilitation. This blog will explore the significance of self-efficacy in rehabilitation, the psychological and physiological aspects, and the various strategies and interventions that healthcare professionals can employ to enhance self-efficacy, empower our patients, and promote successful recovery.
- [The Vital Role of Informed Consent in Therapy](https://structureandfunction.net/the-vital-role-of-informed-consent-in-therapy/): Informed consent is a fundamental ethical and legal concept in healthcare. It is a process that empowers patients by providing them with comprehensive information about their medical treatments or interventions, allowing them to make informed decisions regarding their care. In the context of therapy, informed consent is equally crucial. This blog explores the importance and necessity of informed consent for patients and therapists, shedding light on its significance in promoting patient autonomy, ensuring ethical practice, and mitigating potential legal risks. We will draw upon relevant literature and ethical principles to support these arguments.
- [The Importance of Anatomy to the Dry Needling Practice](https://structureandfunction.net/the-importance-of-anatomy-to-the-dry-needling-practice/): I was recently asked on a podcast a very interesting question. What are the requisite sets of knowledge and skills to be a safe and effective dry needler? It was a very interesting discussion where we discussed practice history, types of educational backgrounds and skills but my very fundamental and first clear line was a strong knowledge of anatomy and an appreciation for your patient’s anatomy.  The relevance of anatomy to the dry needling practice is even more important as we start placing needles 3-dimensionally into the body.  If you’re interested in this discussion you can check it out on The True North Podcast with Jaime Huestis.
- [Top 3 Common Adverse Reactions When Being Dry Needled](https://structureandfunction.net/top-3-common-adverse-reactions-when-being-dry-needled/): Dry needling is a technique that involves the insertion of fine monofilament needles into anatomic structures to stimulate the healing process, relieve pain, and increase function. While dry needling is generally considered safe and effective, there are some potential adverse reactions when being dry needled that patients should be aware may occur. This blog will discuss the top adverse events that can occur when receiving dry needling.
- [Safe Dry Needling Practices: Dry Needling Patients on Anticoagulants](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-patients-on-anticoagulants/): In keeping with our focus on safe dry needling practices, we are always looking into the safety literature and determining the best ways to practice safely. Recently there was a review article that focused on dry needling patients who are on anticoagulant medications.
- [Dry Needling for Neck Pain](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-for-neck-pain/): Neck pain is a real "pain in the neck". Recent case studies have demonstrated the use of dry needling for neck pain treatments in patients. In 2016 low back and neck pain had the highest health care spending in the United States, with an estimated $134.5 billion being spent on spinal pain-related conditions. Neck pain is a multifactorial disease with various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. There are psychological, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, occupational, and behavioral factors among these modifiable risk factors.
- [10 Things I like about Fascial Manipulation® (FM)](https://structureandfunction.net/10-things-i-like-about-fascial-manipulation/): Hi Everyone!  I’ve been a Fascial Manipulation® practitioner and “junkie” since I was first exposed to it at an introductory course in 2014, taught by my soon-to-be good friend and colleague Larry Steinbeck.
- [The Dry Needling Squabble: Trigger Point Dry Needling vs. In Situ Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/trigger-point-dry-needling-vs-in-situ-needling/): There is increased discussion and debate regarding how needles can and should be used by health care practitioners. Some of this is a political issue, driven by state boards and their language used to describe and limit dry needling practice. Another discussion relates to the effectiveness and usefulness of trigger point dry needling. In this blog, I am going to illuminate these discussions in the hope of providing some insight into these issues of the dry needling squabble.
- [Shedding light on Dose-Response and Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/shedding-light-on-dose-response-and-dry-needling/): This has been an often-asked question for many therapeutics and easier to answer for some more than others.  For instance, the path to getting a pharmaceutical drug approved allows for the study of various doses of a medication and determines the dose-response curve associated with its use. This allows for both verifying that the drug works and the dosing necessary for effects both good and bad. However, in manual therapy or other less controlled studies, it becomes more difficult to answer. The question of dose-response is one we are starting to get some grasp on in dry needling. 

## Pages
- [State Dry Needling Regulations](https://structureandfunction.net/state-dry-needling-regulations/): An interactive map of how each U.S. jurisdiction regulates dry needling, by profession. Pick a profession, switch how the map is colored, click any state for details, and open the underlying practice act or regulation.
- [Structure & Function Education Dry Needling Certifications](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-certifications/): Structure & Function Education’s Dry Needling certification (SFDN) program means that you have dedicated the time to learn, understand, synthesize and apply Structure & Function Education’s pentamodal method of dry needling.
- [Hybrid Fascial Manipulation®/Stecco®, Level 4 b (FM4)](https://structureandfunction.net/manual-therapy-courses/fascial-manipulation-level-4-course/): In the Hybrid Fascial Manipulation®/Stecco®, Level 4 b (FM4) course, participants expand on their understanding of the biomechanical fascial model to treat patients with complex dysfunctions more efficiently. Fascial Manipulation Level 4 (FM4) course brings together the final piece of the fascial puzzle. The course is focused on the superficial fascia (external) and paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia (internal) systemic dysfunctions.
- [Practitioner Directory Admin](https://structureandfunction.net/practitioner-directory-admin/): You must be logged in as an administrator to view this page.
- [SFDN3 Advanced Dry Needling: A Systemic Approach to Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Sports Performance](https://structureandfunction.net/sfdn3-advanced-dry-needling-a-systemic-approach-to-orthopedic-rehabilitation-and-sports-performance/): In this 27-hour lab-based advanced dry needling course on orthopedic rehab and sport performance, the clinician will expand on the diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling and intramuscular stimulation. Further development of the Pentamodal Method introduced in the Foundations Class will be a major focus for this course, emphasizing a whole body treatment approach to dry needling. Safety considerations will continue to be a priority. Science and research supporting the Pentamodal Method will be presented and discussed. Elements of sport performance, recovery and regeneration concepts, and acute injury management will all be included. The instructor’s vast amount of clinical experience in sport performance and sport rehab will immediately expand upon your utilization of dry needling within your orthopedic/ sport rehabilitation and sport performance practice.
- [Practitioner Directory](https://structureandfunction.net/practitioner-directory/): Practitioners found here have completed SFDN coursework but are still required to practice within the scope of their state practice acts.
- [Peptide Overview Course for Health Care Practitioners](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/peptide-overview-course-for-health-care-practitioners/): This peptide overview course is designed for therapists, researchers, and anyone interested in understanding the role of peptides in health, wellness, and potential therapeutic applications. It provides a comprehensive overview for those seeking to expand their knowledge in this rapidly evolving field.
- [Laser Therapy 101 Foundations and Applications](https://structureandfunction.net/laser-therapy-101/): The Laser Therapy 101 course will provide therapists with a better understanding of the and the use of lasers to treat patients. Practitioners should take this course if they want a comprehensive exploration of laser therapy, specifically focusing on photobiomodulation (PBM) and its applications in enhancing performance, recovery, and injury prevention. Participants will learn about the fundamental principles of laser therapy, including mechanisms of action, different laser types, dosage variables, and treatment parameters.
- [Main Content Location Page](https://structureandfunction.net/main-content-location-page/): Get real-world skills you can use right away — so you can treat complex cases withconfidence and become the one everyone turns to when it really matters.
- [A Clinician’s Guide to Cryotherapy](https://structureandfunction.net/a-clinicians-guide-to-cryotherapy/): Are you a physical therapist, athletic trainer, or chiropractor seeking to expand your knowledge and enhance your treatment strategies? This comprehensive online course is a guide to cryotherapy exploring the science and practical application of cryotherapy, equipping you with the tools and insights to confidently incorporate cold therapy into your practice.
- [Resource Library](https://structureandfunction.net/resource-library/): Upload New File
- [Protected: Arizona](https://structureandfunction.net/continuing-education-courses/arizona/): Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque purus augue, dignissim pulvinar augue sit amet, finibus sollicitudin diam. Nam consectetur risus enim, quis vehicula ligula placerat id. Integer volutpat tincidunt purus vel feugiat. Quisque dignissim sapien sit amet eros faucibus, vel tempus tellus efficitur. Nunc sodales eleifend ligula at rhoncus. Aenean nec lacinia metus, ac consectetur mi. Praesent sollicitudin nunc non elit porttitor, non commodo neque lacinia. Nulla a gravida massa, in facilisis risus. 
- [Protected: Continuing Education Courses 
That Make You the Go-To Clinician 
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- [Advanced Joint and Soft Tissue Manipulation and Mobilization (JMN2)](https://structureandfunction.net/jmn2-advanced-joint-manipulation/): The advanced joint manipulation course is a 16-hour lab-based course combined with lectures, clinical demonstrations and lab practicals. The goal is for the clinician will learn a specific and intentional approach to joint manipulation developing advanced psychomotor skills needed to deliver manipulation safely and effectively. The outcome for the patient is to decrease pain, improve the quality and quantity of joint movement, and create a lasting change in the patient's body structure.
- [Thank you for signing up for our newsletter](https://structureandfunction.net/thank-you-for-signing-up-for-our-newsletter/): Thank you for signing up for our newsletter!
- [Testimonial submission](https://structureandfunction.net/testimonial-submission/): Testimonials can be submitted as part of your after class survey. You will receive an email with a link to the form for all in-person courses. Online courses have the testimonial submission as part of the class lecture lesson after you submit your final lesson exam.
- [Maintenance Mode](https://structureandfunction.net/maintenance-mode/): This site is undergoing upgrades and will be back soon.
- [Sue’s AASPT Presentation](https://structureandfunction.net/sues-aaspt-presentation/)
- [Vibration Therapy In Sports Medicine](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/vibration-therapy-in-sports-medicine/): Are you ready to revolutionize your practice and amplify your impact on your clients' well-being? Welcome to our comprehensive online course on Vibration Therapy, explicitly designed for practitioners who treat musculoskeletal conditions. Vibration therapy has emerged as a game-changer in the realm of rehabilitation and performance enhancement. Backed by scientific research, this modality offers many benefits for athletes, patients recovering from injuries, and individuals seeking to optimize their physical health.
- [National Athletic Trainer Month](https://structureandfunction.net/national-athletic-trainer-month/): This has expired.
- [Content Guide for Instructors & TAs](https://structureandfunction.net/about/content-guide-for-instructors-tas/): This guide is your essential toolkit for capturing high-quality photos and videos during our dry needling courses. As instructors and teaching assistants, you are the eyes for potential new students, offering them a glimpse into the vibrant learning experiences that define our community. Through this guide, we provide you with practical tips and straightforward instructions on how to use your smartphone camera to its fullest potential. From mastering camera settings to understanding the art of composition and lighting, we cover everything you need to create engaging, professional content. The images and videos you capture are crucial in our marketing efforts, helping to showcase the dynamic, hands-on nature of our courses. Your role in this process is invaluable in attracting and welcoming new members to our educational community. So, let’s equip ourselves with these skills and start capturing the moments that celebrate and define Structure & Function Education!
- [The Endocannabinoid System: An Overview of the Medical Applications](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/endocannabinoid-system-and-cbd-applications/): The Endocannabinoid System course will provide therapists with a better understanding of the Endocannabinoid System and the use of cannabinoids to treat patients. Practitioners should take this course if they want a more comprehensive understanding of the Endocannabinoid System and its potential to treat patients for pain and inflammation, sleep, and recovery.
- [Protected: New Structure & Function Education® Community Deal](https://structureandfunction.net/new-structure-function-education-community-deal/): Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque purus augue, dignissim pulvinar augue sit amet, finibus sollicitudin diam. Nam consectetur risus enim, quis vehicula ligula placerat id. Integer volutpat tincidunt purus vel feugiat. Quisque dignissim sapien sit amet eros faucibus, vel tempus tellus efficitur. Nunc sodales eleifend ligula at rhoncus. Aenean nec lacinia metus, ac consectetur mi. Praesent sollicitudin nunc non elit porttitor, non commodo neque lacinia. Nulla a gravida massa, in facilisis risus. 
- [Advanced Dry Needling for the Head and Neck (SFDN-HN)](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-courses/sfdn-hn-advanced-dry-needling-for-the-head-and-neck/): In this 27-hour hybrid online and in-person lab-based course, the clinician will learn how to integrate dry needling techniques with a diagnosis-focused approach to address craniofacial and upper quarter dysfunction impairments. Diagnoses targeted include Migraines, Headaches, Occipital Neuralgia, TMJ, Thoracic Outlet, Brachial Plexus, and Rib dysfunction. This course includes new approaches to dry needling these diagnoses and additional rehab approaches, including manual therapy and cupping.
- [Dry Needling and Electrical Stimulation: Science and Clinical Application](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/dry-needling-and-electrical-stimulation-science-and-clinical-application/): Are you a healthcare professional looking to expand your skillset and provide your patients with more effective pain relief treatments? Look no further than our online dry needling and electrical stimulation course! This course on Dry Needling and Electric Stimulation will provide practitioners with a fundamental understanding of how dry needling with electric stimulation affects the body systemically and how this knowledge can aid in the outcomes of their patients.
- [Treating Patients with TMJ Pain](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/treating-patients-with-tmj-pain/): This course is for therapists who are Treating Patients with TMJ Pain. The course will provide therapists with a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Learn how to assess and treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD).
- [Protected: Joint Manipulation Courses](https://structureandfunction.net/joint-manipulation-courses/): Structure & Function Education brings their diagnostic focus approach to joint manipulation. The Foundations of Joint Manipulation is designed with a focus on joint manipulation, lessening pain and improving range of motion for clinicians looking to expand their practical knowledge.
- [Foundations of Joint Manipulation by Fix Medical Group (JMN1)](https://structureandfunction.net/jmn1-foundations-of-joint-manipulation/): The Foundations of Joint Manipulation by Fix Medical Group course is a 20-hour lab-based course. The clinician will learn a focused approach to joint manipulation. With the primary intent in practice of lessening pain and improving range of motion for patients, various therapists and chiropractors may use this technique to help patients move and feel better after loss of functional mobility from an injury or illness. The clinician will learn fundamental skills necessary for safe and effective manipulation of a joint which involves applying force to the spinal or peripheral joints to improvement movement.
- [Treating Patients with Headache/Migraine](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/treating-patients-with-headache-migraine/): In the course “Treating Patients with Headache/ Migraine” will provide practitioners with a fundamental understanding of the epidemiology, etiology and symptoms associated with headaches and migraines.  This course discusses multimodal treatment approaches and how this knowledge can aid in the outcomes of their patients. Clinical practice can be impacted by using manual therapy approaches combined with dry needling, manipulation/mobilization techniques. 
- [Policy](https://structureandfunction.net/policy/): Below are links to all of Structure & Function Educations policies. All questions about the policies should use our contact form found here.
- [COVID Policy](https://structureandfunction.net/policy/covid-policy/): Structure & Function Education will use CDC guidance and local clinic public health guidance when managing policies related to COVID-19. Dry needling is an invasive medical procedure that requires specific, intensive, in-person training by state boards, to assure patient safety and clinical effectiveness.  Therefore, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Structure & Function Education has adopted very specific safety policies and procedural processes to protect our students and teachers from infection. Structure & Function Education guidelines are as follows:
- [Educational Community](https://structureandfunction.net/educational/): Putting science to practice. Structure & Function Education exists to create an integrated, multi-disciplinary learning practice for all medical and sports performance professionals. We strive to create a unique learning environment and a single knowledge source for all therapeutic pain management clinicians. Whether you are a practitioner that has taken one of our courses, or you are new and looking for industry information we are here to support you through your continuing education and patient care journey.
- [Online Courses](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/): Combining the latest research and our team’s clinical expertise, we pride ourselves on delivering quality, in-depth continuing education online courses to create a unique learning environment. Separate from our in-person coursework, the same exceptional experience from Structure & Function Education can be found in our online course environment.
- [Manual Therapy Courses](https://structureandfunction.net/manual-therapy-courses/): Structure & Function Education is proud to offer five premier manual therapy courses: Foundations of Joint Manipulation by Fix Medical Group (JMN1) and the Fascial Manipulation® Method by Stecco (FM) course program. Each course provides practitioners with a comprehensive learning experience, combining theoretical lectures, hands-on demonstrations, and practical application. The Fascial Manipulation® by Stecco courses focus on the deep muscular fascia, treating the myofascial system as a three-dimensional continuum. In contrast, the Joint Manipulation courses emphasizes joint manipulation techniques to alleviate pain and enhance range of motion.
- [Dry Needling Courses](https://structureandfunction.net/dry-needling-courses/): Dry Needling Courses and Dry Needling Certification for PTs, ATs, DCs, OTs & Other Healthcare and Performance Professionals
- [In-person Courses](https://structureandfunction.net/in-person-courses/): Structure & Function Education’s courses are taught by the best therapeutic pain management practitioners in the industry. We believe that by learning from fellow clinicians, course participants learn the most up-to-date techniques, science, and research.
- [Homepage](https://structureandfunction.net/): Dry Needling Courses, Manual Therapy Courses, & Online Courses for PTs, ATs, DCs, OTs & Other Practitioners, CEU Approved Courses
- [Hybrid Fascial Manipulation®/Stecco®, Level 3 b (FM3)](https://structureandfunction.net/manual-therapy-courses/fascial-manipulation-level-3-course/): In the Hybrid Fascial Manipulation®/Stecco®, Level 3 b (FM3), participants expand on their understanding of the biomechanical model to treat patients with multi-segmental dysfunctions more efficiently. This course allow the practitioner to treat musculoskeletal and internal problem simultaneously in complex patients who has visceral-somatic or somato-visceral compensations.
- [Maintenance](https://structureandfunction.net/maintenance/): This page is undergoing maintenance and will be back soon.
- [Bridging The Gap Chapter 9: Fundamental Performance](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/btg-chapter-9-fundamental-performance/): The Bridging The Gap Chapter 9: Fundamental Performance course is intended for both health care practitioners as well as strength and conditioning professionals who are looking to improve their fundamental understanding of strength and power development in the rehabilitating client.
- [Dry Needling for the Treatment of Scars](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/dry-needling-treatment-of-scars/): The "Dry Needling for the Treatment of Scars" course will provide therapists with a better understanding of how and why to use dry needling for the treatment of scars. Dry needling practitioners should take this course if they want a more comprehensive understanding of how to use dry needling to impact the healing of healthy, keloid, or hypertrophic surface scars.
- [Quick Links](https://structureandfunction.net/quicklinks/): Instagram: @structureandfunction
- [Supporting Your Immune System Through Nutrition](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/supporting-your-immune-system-through-nutrition/): The Supporting Your Immune System Through Nutrition course will provide therapists with a better understanding of how food can help prevent disease and support the immune system. The food we eat daily can have a significant impact on our overall health and ability to fight disease. The information on nutrition and the immune system can be daunting. This class takes a simple, “food first” approach to improving your overall health and immune system.
- [The Pentamodal Method of Dry Needling](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/the-pentamodal-method-of-dry-needling/): In this course, the student will explore the Pentamodal Method, which is the foundation of Structure & Function Education’s dry needling model.  In accordance with S&F’s overall inclusive philosophy, the Pentamodal Method shows the learner how it all fits together.
- [Recovery Considerations when Bridging the Gap from Rehab to Performance](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/recovery-considerations-when-bridging-the-gap-from-rehab-to-performance/): The Recovery Considerations course is intended for health care practitioners as well as strength and conditioning professionals who are looking to better understand overall concepts of recovery during different phases of the Bridging the Gap from Rehab to Performance (BTG) model.
- [Evaluating Alternative Therapeutic Techniques for Managing Pain](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/evidence-based-practice/): In the days of Evidence Based Practice (EBP), many practitioners battle with the balance of the EBP model, evaluating evidence, combining it with clinical decision making, and their patient’s values.  The focus solely on systematic reviews and only the scientific merit has skewed what Evidence Based Practice was originally planned to be. This course allows a review of EBP and then reflects its application and utility by walking through several alternative medical techniques and the many questions relative to their evidence. This course causes practitioners to deal with the grey of Evidence Based Practice, and also consider the merits of the techniques relative to their evidence.
- [Learn about Sue’s path to Structure & Function Education](https://structureandfunction.net/online-courses/learn-about-sues-path-to-structure-function-education/): In this free webinar Sue describes her path from Physical Therapy student to Structure & Function Education owner.

## Events
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Omaha, NE on July 17th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-omaha-ne-on-july-17th-2026/): In Omaha, NE, on July 17-19, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling: Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Complex (SFDN-LPH) in Jacksonville, FL on July 24th, 2026 (3-Day Course)](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-lumbo-pelvic-hip-complex-sfdn-lph-in-jacksonville-fl-on-july-24th-2026-3-day-course/): In Jacksonville, FL, on July 24-26, 2026: You can learn Advanced Dry Needling to the Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex (SFDN-LPH). In this 27-hour lab-based course, the clinician will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to the Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex with the addition of specific advanced Dry Needling strategies for the pelvic floor, coccyx, symphysis pubis, hip joint, sacroiliac ligaments, and regional nerves. Advanced mobilization labs will focus on lumbar, pelvis and coccyx techniques, and the integrated approach to dealing with complex diagnosis will be reviewed through a discussion of case studies, current research, and the instructor’s specialty clinical expertise.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Boise, ID on July 24th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-boise-id-on-july-24th-2026/): In Boise, ID, on July 24-26, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling (SFDN2): Segmental and Perineural Strategies for the Complex Patient in Boston, MA on July 24th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-sfdn2-segmental-and-perineural-strategies-for-the-complex-patient-in-boston-ma-on-july-24th-2026/): In Boston, MA, on July 24-26, 2026, you can learn Advanced Dry Needling: Segmental & Perineural Strategies for the Complex Patient (SFDN2). This 27 hour course, will enhance clinicians’ skills in diagnosis-focused dry needling and intramuscular stimulation. Emphasizing segmental physiology (dorsal-horn and peripheral nerve), our Pentamodal Method, safety, and evidence-based dosing for acute, subacute, and chronic pain conditions. The course encompasses peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms, sophisticated peri-neural and periosteal procedures (such as periosteal “pecking”), electrical dry needling (EDN) parameters, and practical protocols for neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), osteoarthritis, spinal pain, and sports recovery/regeneration. Prioritization will be given to safe anatomical practices, landmark recognition, EDN dosage, and case-based clinical reasoning.
- [Learn Dry Needling for Upper Extremity (SFDN-UE) in Boston, MA on July 31st, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-for-upper-extremity-sfdn-ue-in-boston-ma-on-july-31st-2026/): In Boston, MA, on July 31 - August 2, 2026, you can learn Dry Needling for Upper Extremity Orthopedic Rehab. This is a 25-hour lab-based course that teaches a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling the upper extremity. The clinician will learn fundamental skills necessary for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, as well as effective strategies to manage commonly encountered pathologies in the upper extremity.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Columbus, OH on July 31st, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-columbus-oh-on-july-31st-2026/): In Columbus, OH, on July 31 - August 2, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling in Greenville, SC on July 31, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-in-greenville-sc-on-july-31-2026/): Greenville, SC on July 31 - August 2, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Phoenix, AZ on Aug 14th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-phoenix-az-on-aug-14th-2026/): In Phoenix, AZ, on August 14-16, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Raleigh, NC on Aug 21st, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-raleigh-nc-on-aug-21st-2026/): In Raleigh, NC, on August 21-23, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Boston, MA Area on August 28th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-boston-ma-area-on-august-28th-2026/): In Boston, MA, on August 28-30, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Foundations in Joint Manipulation (JM-1) in Phoenix, AZ on Sept 12th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-foundations-in-joint-manipulation-jm-1-in-phoenix-az-on-sept-12th-2026/): In Phoenix, AZ, on September 12-13, 2026: Learn Joint Manipulation from Structure & Function Education with our Foundations in Joint Manipulation (JMN1) course. This 20-hour lab-based course gives the clinician a foundation in a focused approach to joint manipulation. The primary purpose is to help a clinician lessen pain and improve range of motion for patients, helping patients move and feel better after loss of functional mobility from an injury or illness. The clinician will learn fundamental skills necessary for safe and effective manipulation of a joint which involves applying force to the spinal or peripheral joints to improvement movement.
- [Learn Fascial Manipulation Level 1 in Las Vegas, NV on Sept 18th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-fascial-manipulation-level-1-in-las-vegas-nv-on-sept-18th-2026/): Las Vegas, NV, on September 18-20, 2026; Fascial Manipulation® Method system takes a unique approach by looking at the body as a whole, not just “where it hurts” or where the problems appear to be. Utilizing a systematic approach to assessment and treatment of the tissue, the course covers deep tissue manipulation and focus areas of deep fascia. Students learn manual palpation of very specific regions of the body in order to determine the location of fascial alterations which may be involved with your patient’s problem.
- [Learn Fascial Manipulation Level Two (FM-2) in Phoenix, AZ on Sept 18th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-fascial-manipulation-level-two-fm-2-in-phoenix-az-on-sept-18th-2026/): Phoenix, AZ on September 18-20, 2026; Learn Fascial Manipulation Level 2®. This course continues the your education in Fascial Manipulation® Method. The Fascial Manipulation® curriculum takes a unique approach by looking at the body as a whole, not just “where it hurts” or where the problems appear to be. Utilizing a systematic approach to assessment and treatment of the tissue, the course covers deep tissue manipulation and focus areas of deep fascia. Students learn manual palpation of very specific regions of the body in order to determine the location of fascial alterations which may be involved with your patient’s problem.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Dayton, OH on Sept 18th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-dayton-oh-on-sept-18th-2026/): In Dayton, OH, on September 18-20, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling for the Head & Neck (SFDN-HN) in Phoenix, AZ on Sept 19th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-for-the-head-neck-sfdn-hn-in-phoenix-az-on-sept-19th-2026/): In Phoenix, AZ, on September 19-20, 2026, you can learn advanced dry needling skills with our Advanced Dry Needling Dry Needling for the Head and Neck (SFDN-HN) course. This is a 27-hour hybrid online and in-person lab-based course where the clinician will learn how to integrate dry needling techniques with a diagnosis-focused approach to address craniofacial and upper quarter dysfunction impairments. Diagnoses targeted include Migraines, Headaches, Occipital Neuralgia, TMJ, Thoracic Outlet, Brachial Plexus, and Rib dysfunction. This course includes new approaches to dry needling for these diagnoses and additional rehab approaches, including manual therapy and cupping.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Houston, TX on Sept 25th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-houston-tx-on-sept-25th-2026/): In Houston, TX, on September 25-27, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Detroit, MI on Oct 2nd, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-detroit-mi-on-oct-2nd-2026/): In Detroit, MI, on October 2-4, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling (SFDN2): Segmental & Perineural Strategies for the Complex Patient in Columbus, OH on Oct 2nd, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-sfdn2-segmental-perineural-strategies-for-the-complex-patient-in-columbus-oh-on-oct-2nd-2026/): In Columbus, OH, on October 2-4, 2026, you can learn Advanced Dry Needling for the Complex Patient: Segmental & Perineural Strategies (SFDN2). This 27 hour course, will enhance clinicians’ skills in diagnosis-focused dry needling and intramuscular stimulation. Emphasizing segmental physiology (dorsal-horn and peripheral nerve), our Pentamodal Method, safety, and evidence-based dosing for acute, subacute, and chronic pain conditions. The course encompasses peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms, sophisticated peri-neural and periosteal procedures (such as periosteal “pecking”), electrical dry needling (EDN) parameters, and practical protocols for neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), osteoarthritis, spinal pain, and sports recovery/regeneration. Prioritization will be given to safe anatomical practices, landmark recognition, EDN dosage, and case-based clinical reasoning.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Tampa, FL on Oct 16th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-tampa-fl-on-oct-16th-2026/): In Tampa, FL, on October 16-18, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling for Upper Extremity on Phoenix, AZ on Oct 16th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-for-upper-extremity-on-phoenix-az-on-oct-16th-2026/): In Phoenix, AZ, on October 16-18, 2026, you can learn Dry Needling for Upper Extremity Orthopedic Rehab. This is a 25-hour lab-based course that teaches a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling the upper extremity. The clinician will learn fundamental skills necessary for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, as well as effective strategies to manage commonly encountered pathologies in the upper extremity.
- [Learn Fascial Manipulation in Boston, on October 23, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-fascial-manipulation-in-boston-on-october-23-2026/): Boston, MA starting on October 23 - 25, 2026; Fascial Manipulation® Method system takes a unique approach by looking at the body as a whole, not just “where it hurts” or where the problems appear to be. Utilizing a systematic approach to assessment and treatment of the tissue, the course covers deep tissue manipulation and focus areas of deep fascia. Students learn manual palpation of very specific regions of the body in order to determine the location of fascial alterations which may be involved with your patient’s problem.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Phoenix, AZ on Nov 6th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-phoenix-az-on-nov-6th-2026/): In Phoenix, AZ, on November 6-8, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling: Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Complex (SFDN-LPH) in Nashville, TN on Nov 7th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-lumbo-pelvic-hip-complex-sfdn-lph-in-nashville-tn-on-nov-7th-2026/): In Nashville, TN, on November 7-8, 2026: You can learn Advanced Dry Needling to the Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex (SFDN-LPH). In this 16 hour lab-based course, the clinician will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to the Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex with the addition of specific advanced Dry Needling strategies for the pelvic floor, coccyx, symphysis pubis, hip joint, sacroiliac ligaments, and regional nerves. Advanced mobilization labs will focus on lumbar, pelvis and coccyx techniques, and the integrated approach to dealing with complex diagnosis will be reviewed through a discussion of case studies, current research, and the instructor’s specialty clinical expertise.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Dallas, TX on Nov 13th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-dallas-tx-on-nov-13th-2026/): In Dallas, TX, on November 13-15, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling for Head & Neck in Charlotte, NC on Nov 14th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-for-head-neck-in-charlotte-nc-on-nov-14th-2026/): In Charlotte, NC, on November 14-15, 2026, you can learn advanced dry needling with our Comprehensive Approach to the Head and Neck (SFDN-HN) course. This is a 27 hour lab course where  the clinician will learn how to integrate dry needling techniques with a diagnosis-focused approach to address craniofacial and upper quarter dysfunction impairments. Diagnoses targeted include Migraines, Headaches, Occipital Neuralgia, TMJ, Thoracic Outlet, Brachial Plexus, and Rib dysfunction. This course includes new approaches to dry needling these diagnoses and additional rehab approaches, including manual therapy and cupping.
- [Learn Fascial Manipulation Level Two (FM-2) in Dallas, TX on December 4th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-fascial-manipulation-level-two-fm-2-in-dallas-tx-on-december-4th-2026/): Dallas, TX on December 4-6, 2026; Learn Fascial Manipulation Level 2®. This course continues the your education in Fascial Manipulation® Method. The Fascial Manipulation® curriculum takes a unique approach by looking at the body as a whole, not just “where it hurts” or where the problems appear to be. Utilizing a systematic approach to assessment and treatment of the tissue, the course covers deep tissue manipulation and focus areas of deep fascia. Students learn manual palpation of very specific regions of the body in order to determine the location of fascial alterations which may be involved with your patient’s problem.
- [Learn Fascial Manipulation Level One (FM-1) in Phoenix, AZ on Dec 4th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-fascial-manipulation-level-one-fm-1-in-phoenix-az-on-dec-4th-2026/): Phoenix, AZ on December 4-6, 2026; Fascial Manipulation® Method system takes a unique approach by looking at the body as a whole, not just “where it hurts” or where the problems appear to be. Utilizing a systematic approach to assessment and treatment of the tissue, the course covers deep tissue manipulation and focus areas of deep fascia. Students learn manual palpation of very specific regions of the body in order to determine the location of fascial alterations which may be involved with your patient’s problem.
- [Learn Advanced Dry Needling (SFDN2): Segmental & Perineural Strategies for the Complex Patient in Raleigh, NC on Dec 4th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-advanced-dry-needling-sfdn2-segmental-perineural-strategies-for-the-complex-patient-in-raleigh-nc-on-dec-4th-2026/): In Raleigh, NC, on December 4-6, 2026, you can learn Advanced Dry Needling for the Complex Patient: Segmental & Perineural Strategies (SFDN2). This 27 hour course, will enhance clinicians’ skills in diagnosis-focused dry needling and intramuscular stimulation. Emphasizing segmental physiology (dorsal-horn and peripheral nerve), our Pentamodal Method, safety, and evidence-based dosing for acute, subacute, and chronic pain conditions. The course encompasses peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms, sophisticated peri-neural and periosteal procedures (such as periosteal “pecking”), electrical dry needling (EDN) parameters, and practical protocols for neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), osteoarthritis, spinal pain, and sports recovery/regeneration. Prioritization will be given to safe anatomical practices, landmark recognition, EDN dosage, and case-based clinical reasoning.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in Nashville, TN on Dec 4th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-nashville-tn-on-dec-4th-2026/): Nashville, TN, on Dec 4-6, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Dry Needling (SFDN1) in the Boston, MA Area on Dec 11th, 2026](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-dry-needling-sfdn1-in-the-boston-ma-area-on-dec-11th-2026/): In the Boston, MA area on December 11-13, 2026, you can learn dry needling with our Foundations in Dry Needling for Orthopedic Rehab and Sport Performance (SFDN1) course. In this 27-hour lab-based course, clinicians will learn a diagnosis-focused approach to dry needling. They will acquire fundamental skills essential for safe and proper needle insertion and removal, and learn effective strategies to address commonly encountered pathologies in orthopedic and sports rehabilitation.
- [Learn Fascial Manipulation Level Four (FM-4) in Phoenix, AZ on Jan 29th, 2027](https://structureandfunction.net/course/learn-fascial-manipulation-level-four-fm-4-in-phoenix-az-on-jan-29th-2027/): In Phoenix, AZ on January 29-31, 2027; Learn Fascial Manipulation Level 4®. This course continues your education in Fascial Manipulation® Method. The Fascial Manipulation® curriculum takes a unique approach by looking at the body as a whole, not just “where it hurts” or where the problems appear to be. Fascial Manipulation® Level 4 helps healthcare professionals to treat the patient in a global way by expanding on their understanding of the biomechanical model to treat patients with multi-segmental dysfunctions more efficiently. This course allow the practitioner to treat musculoskeletal and internal problem simultaneously in complex patients who has visceral-somatic or somato-visceral compensations.