The Multilevel Effectiveness of Needling: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, and a Three‑Level Curriculum for Clinicians
Dry needling is best comprehended not as a singular, uniform intervention but as a collection of mechanically mediated stimuli that target local tissues, spinal circuits, and supraspinal and systemic networks in distinctive and occasionally synergistic manners. Over the past two decades, the empirical literature has evolved beyond merely documenting clinical effects to examining how needle
